Land of the Aryans: The Persian Culture Essay

Iran is formerly known as Persia until 1935. It is a country in Central Eurasia located in the northeastern shore of the Persian Gulf. Iran is the cognate of the name Aryan, which means â€Å"Land of the Aryans†. Iran is home to one of the world’s oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC. The Culture of Iran is a mix of ancient pre-Islamic culture and Islamic culture. Iranian culture probably originated in Central Asia and is strongly suggested as the predecessor of Iranian culture ca. 2000 BC. Iranian culture has long been a predominant culture of the Middle East and Central Asia, with Persian considered the language of intellectuals during much of the 2nd millennium, and the language of religion and the populace before that. Persian Philosophy to Major Religions The Iranian plateau has contributed ideas and techniques for sixty known centuries which have helped to continue and civilize mankind. Writing, numbers, the arts of agriculture and of working metals, the sciences of astronomy and mathematics, and the beginnings of religious and philosophical thinking — these all come from the Near East, and the fountain head of much of Near Eastern culture was on the Iranian plateau (Nasr & Razavi, 1999, p. 3). The three Wise Men from the East whom at the birth of Jesus brought gold, frankincense and myrrh were probably Zoroastrian priests from Persia. Their gifts symbolized essential beliefs which wee contributed by Zoroastrianism to Christianity, such as: the concepts of the Evil One as a positive force; the notion of the angels, of the Last judgment, or paradise, of the resurrection of the dead; and of the ultimate victory of good over evil (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 2). There are also two other influential religions that came out of Persia. One is Mithraism, which unsuccessfully competed with Christianity for the first three centuries of our era. And the other is Manichaeism of which St. Augustine was a devotee before he converted to Christianity (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 2). Moreover, according to Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder (1945): Buddhism was also partially influenced by Persian philosophy when Buddha passed through the Far East on its mission of enlightenment. (p. 2) No important religion would now be what it is were the Persian contributions to be taken from it (Nasr & Razavi, 1999, p. ). Persian Pottery Early ancient painted pottery, which had begun in Western Asia by 4000 B. C. , was man’s first â€Å"manuscript†; for the blueprints, useful though they be as ornament, were much more than that to those who made and used the vessels. Persian potteries were the expressions and evidences of fears and hopes, symbols for evoking supernatural forces to aid in the constantly anxious struggle of living (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 7). All of the images in Persian pots symbolize the harmonious relationships of man to nature and the divine aid of a god watching over and guiding them. Metal Arts Western civilizations considered pottery, ceramics or paintings as major work of art. But for Persian and Middle Eastern civilizations, it is the metal works that is considered as the prime of the art works. Bronze is considered as a most important medium on metal arts, even comparable to silver and gold in terms of its value, because it is far more durable than the said metals. The artistic talents of the smiths were preserved and learned for thousand of years for the Persian, and adds to the artistic value of the metal arts (Ghirshman, 1962, p. 12). Simplicity and strength were the artistic ideals. Tradition dictated symbolic shapes like the bull’s head ewer and other animals to present the vitality of these animals such as lions and birds, believing that it will be passed on the metal arts (Ghirshman, 1962, p. 14) All sorts of handsome objects were fashioned by the Seljuq metal workers. A mirror back illustrates the famous and much loved story of Bahram Gur and his sweetheart Azada, whom in a rage he was fated to slay. Pictorially it is unimpressive; as a work of decoration and judged by the modeling of its animals it is superb (Pope, Ackerman & Schroeder, 1945, p. 64). The active figures in the center evenly and ingeniously fill the space between the cusped arches of the framing zone which, with the intervening spaces, almost forms a reciprocal. Within this are falcons, foxes, and peacocks that repay careful examination. Carpets According to Pope (1931), it is by her carpets that the art of Persia has been most widely known (p120). Their fame has been abroad in the world these many centuries. The most priced Persian carpets are those made for the kings and princes of the Persian society. They are usually made from fabrics and other raw materials especially and exclusively for the royalty’s use (Pope, 1931, p. 121). They also commission the best painters and architects in town to make a unique and personalized design. The brilliant and sophisticated Persian color sense finds its perfect embodiment in the carpets. Their size permits of a far greater variety of colors than is appropriate in the smaller, lighter textiles or than is possible in a painted page. There is practically no limit to the range of colors the Persian dyers could command, and yet with all this wealth available, the rug designers chose a relatively limited number; twelve to fourteen tones is the average for the great sixteenth century carpets (Pope, 1931, p. 23). The Death of the Persian Culture The decline of the Persian art started in the rise of Europe. Because of various social problems such as societal depression, poverty, Afghan invasion and governmental incompetence are fatal to the preservation and development of the Persian culture. Yet, even if the Persian culture is considered stagnant nowadays, but the Iranian movies and contemporary music and literature, the influence and appreciation of humankind on Persian culture can no longer be disregarded.

Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat Essay

The two poems I am comparing; â€Å"Ode on the Death of a Favourite Cat† by Thomas Gray and â€Å"To a Mouse† by Robert Burns were both written in the eighteenth century, which makes it interesting to make a comparison of their content, style and techniques, to see how poems of the eighteenth century differ from each other.  Both of the poems feature an animal as the main subject of the poem. In Gray’s poem he has a house cat as the main focus of the poem whilst Burns dedicates his poem to a field mouse. Both these animals come to an unfortunate end. The cat due to curiosity â€Å"tumbled headlong† into â€Å"a tub of gold fishes† This supports the well known phrase â€Å"curiosity killed the cat† In the poem it refers to the cat as actually loosing 9 lives: â€Å"Eight times emerging from the flood  She mew’d to ev’ry watry God†.  No one arrives to save her:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"No Dolphin came, no Nereid stirr’d :  Nor cruel Tom, nor Susan heared†.  The dolphin is included in the list of possible rescuers because it is a reference to the classical legend of the harpist, Arion, being saved by a dolphin which had been entranced by his music, much in the same way the cat wanted to be saved by someone who heard its meowing.  Ã‚  In Burns’s poem the mouse unlike the cat does not actually die, but it is made clear that the prospects for the mouse are bleak due to its home being destroyed by the plough and the fact winter is coming and the mouse has no time to build another home for itself: â€Å"Now thou’s turn’d out, for a’ thy trouble,  But house or hald,  To thole the Winter’s sleety dribble,  An’craneuch cauld!†Ã‚  The poems are both basically about a particular ill-fated animal but each has a deeper meaning and message through anthropomorphism.  The cat in Gray’s poem is given feminine characteristics: a â€Å"fair round face† illustrates the ideal image of an eighteenth century woman’s face. Gray also uses metaphors to describe the cat which also apply to a lady’s jewels and adornments: â€Å"The velvet of her paws,  Her coat, that with the tortoise vies,   Her ears of jet, and emerald eyes.†Ã‚  In verse four the comparison of the cat to a woman is made even clearer:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"She stretch’d in vain to reach the prize.  What female heart can gold despise?  What cat’s averse to fish?†Ã‚  It is clear here that Gray is illustrating how women are seduced by the desire for gold as cats are seduced by the desire for fish. The anthropomorphism continues in verses 5 and 7:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Presumptious maid† and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"From hence you Beauties, undeceiv’d  Know one false step is ne’er retrieved†.  The last lines of the poem contain a moral:  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not all that tempts your wand’ring eyes  And heedless hearts, is lawful prize;  Nor all that glisters gold†. Through the cat Gray created a cautionary tale specifically aimed at women. It’s a warning not to be tempted by what is not rightly theirs, and not to be seduced by glittering appearances because it may not be as good as it looks on the outside.  Gray is very direct with his message of warning to women but he writes in a light-hearted way throughout. However, Burn’s poem is much more serious and sombre. He uses anthropomorphism like Gray to get his message across through an animal, in this case the mouse is used to highlight the social and moral problems that he felt existed in both the public and in his own family – His father died after eighteen years of hard work as a farmer. After his father’s death they had little money, leaving them no choice but to sublease a farm in order to keep their home. These experiences were brought through in to his poem when the mouse had its home destroyed by the plough:

Reflection essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Reflection - Essay Example The story is about how one needs to move on in life, to be more specific, how one need to adapt to changes that come their way. And Christopher did not want to change the way things were. A story based on symbolism, it focuses on the adaptations one needs to pursue in life. Symbolism is the use of language in order to give away two or more meanings; using things to depict real life situations. In â€Å"Christopher, the fisherman† the readers can observe the details about the river and the protagonists attachment with it. He finds the river inspirational and treats it as a living being. As a matter of fact, the symbolism is used to show how even nature changes itself or its course to a new thing that comes along the way. For e.g.: â€Å"The salmon’s migration had ceased, and it had become extinct in the river because its habitat had been destroyed.† (Page 649) This event was rather difficult for Christopher, as his sole means of living were gone, but it surely sho ws how even fish change their course when their habitat was gone. They left the place to live somewhere else. The story progresses with how each generation of farmers prospered with their way of fishing styles and their area of expertise regarding Salmon. The â€Å"Christopher’s† as they might be termed, were extremely satisfied with their lives: a simple, small hut, fishing for a living, and living far in the farms in isolation. The fisherman wanted no change and he wished for nothing either. But as time progressed, industrialization started to take place. This meant that the huge acres of farm land were being used to construct power stations, factories and what not. The forests were being cut down, as the wood was needed in the construction as well as raw materials to the factories. This caused great despair to Christopher, and he wanted nothing else but the fact that his river, which his family used for fishing, and his fishing rights remain with him. Slowly, the in evitable happened, and the power station required a wall to be built in the river. Christopher remained in denial and he wasn’t ready to accept this proposal at all: â€Å"They could not build, never, he thought calmly; I have my rights, I and my son† (Page 648) This shows the real theme of the story, which is failing to accept and adapt to changes in life. The river is the greatest use of symbolism in this story. Rivers in general are stubborn and do not change course easily unless they are forced to. A river can flow smoothly for centuries without any changes, but once a dam or a reservoir is built in it, it has to change its course. Just like the river Christopher was also forced to change his lifestyle and adapt to the industrialization that was taking place. â€Å"Even before he set foot in the hut, he went to the village and bought a vineyard located by the rich fishing grounds, along with a small house that stood guard over the vines.† (Page 652) Finally after a lot of resistance, stubbornness and a personal quest, Christopher realized that he could not stop what was happening but he could take matters in his hand and act maturely. His long journey to the city made him realize that development was something that was bound to happen and nobody can stop that. But he could stop the misery of his family. So he came back and shifted to a place he liked and left the place that belonged to his family for generations. This short story is a commendable read. The reader will easily understand the literary elements that the writer has tried to portray, symbolism being one of them. The use of nature to explain a man’s mistake, who is fighting for nature itself is a rather brilliant approach. Everything and everyone needs to change, no matter what. It is inevitable and a

Conquest-part 2 Guns,Germs and Steel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Conquest-part 2 Guns,Germs and Steel - Essay Example The diseases, in turn, were caught from the European livestock. Thus, the history of the modern civilization and current balance of political forces are rooted deeply in the distant pre-literate age. The movie explains why the Incas and Maya did not use the wheels, though they undoubtedly knew about them and why Fernando Cortà ©s and Francisco Pizarro, with a bunch of mercenaries, managed to conquer these ancient empires and defeat the armies that were 500 times bigger. Western civilization was certainly more advanced technology-wise and it helped it to conquest the Indians in the most rude and violent manner. As a result of this conquest the civilization of the North American Indians was almost completely destroyed. We get to know that Europe dominated the world due to a unique combination of natural and economic factors that made it the most favorable for the development of civilization. The author also places emphasis that European colonization is only a particular example of the processes occurring continuously throughout the history of mankind: for example, the peoples of Central Africa, who mastered agriculture and cattle breeding, moved aside their neighbors – Bushmen; modern inhabitants of Southeast Asia - the descendants of immigrants from South China and their less developed, at the time, predecessors were forced to move to the Pacific islands and Madagascar. The author believes that the initial deficit of large-seeded grasses in the New World (corn only, with smaller protein content compared to wheat) and lack of animals suitable for domestication slowed the population growth extremely; the thing is not only in the deficit of meat and milk but in the absence of pack and draught animals that excluded plowing, transportation of goods and so on. This, in turn, slowed down the development of agricultural

Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 38

Marketing - Essay Example This new phenomenon is known as integrated marketing communication (IMC). As such, this paper seeks to critically evaluate the effectiveness of IMC in the operations of McDonald’s restaurant in the UK. The paper starts by explaining the meaning of IMC in order to gain a clear understanding of the whole concept. The paper will also explain how the concept of IMC is applied by the above mentioned company in its operations. Picton and Broderick (2005) define integrated marketing communications as â€Å"A process which involves the management and organisation of all agents in the analysis, planning, implementation and control of all marketing communications contacts, media, messages and promotional tools focussed at selected target audiences in such a way as to derive the greatest economy, efficiency, effectiveness and coherence of marketing communications effort.† Basically, integrated marketing communication is mainly focused on the strategic coordination of roles of a variety of communication disciplines such as advertising, personal selling, sales promotion, direct marketing and public relations (Cant, 2000). Integrating the various communication channels used by the firm seeks to create the contact points where the firm can interact with the customers while the customers can also discover the firm and its brands. McDonald’s Corporation is viewed as a force to reckon within the fast food industry in the world today. The company is renowned for its burgers as well as its sophisticated delivery system that has greatly contributed to its success (Wiley, 2012). However, though the company has often come under fire for â€Å"its genetically modified practices,† it has sought to present itself as a giant in the fast food industry (Alford, 2012). The company uses different marketing communications in order to appeal to the interests of the customers as well as to retain the consumers that already exist. For instance, mass techniques

HSBC BANK (Motivation, Recruitment and Selection, Culture, Learning Assignment

HSBC BANK (Motivation, Recruitment and Selection, Culture, Learning and Development, Change Management) - Assignment Example This write up is an analytical paper that takes into concern the HSBC Holding Plc as one of the most reputed multinational banking and monetary service presenter, operating successfully from 1991. Being headquartered in London, it offers varied types of banking and financial services in the entire globe as compared to others. In a very time period, it expanded its wings in almost 90 countries in, North America, Asia, Africa, Europe and South America and many others that amplified its total assets by $2.693 trillion by the end of 2012. Moreover, due to the presence of wide range of customer bases, the operating income of HSBC Holding Plc increased by US$ 22.6 billion and total equity improved by US$ 175.2 billion by 2012. Such type of popularity and competitive position is attained by HSBC Holding Plc due to its remarkable services like consumer banking, investment banking, mortgage, private banking, credit cards, and many others. Due to these underlining reason the organization of HS BC Holding Plc is recognised as the sixth renowned financial institution by another magazine, Forbes. However, the entire prosperity and popularity of the organization of HSBC Holding Plc is due to its highly talented, skilled and motivated human resources. It is mainly due to its remarkable human resource policies and strategies that enhanced the inner morale of the employees and helped in improvement of the profit margin of the organization.

Chapter 9 summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Chapter 9 summary - Essay Example This notion takes on an absurd twist when the author states that cobras would then not exist if someone were not thinking about cobras. However, cobras existed before people began thinking and talking about them. This prompts Plato to argue that conceptual thoughts exist outside the material and human thought, placing them in a state of permanence and the physical object in a state of impermanence. Though Plato argues that material objects aren’t as real as Forms, he states that objects do contain some degree of reality, which introduces his concept of metaphysical dualism. This portion of Plato’s philosophy is that someone cannot fully comprehend reality until they grasp that reality consists of two independent components that cannot be explained in terms of the other - mind and body, which is referred to as mind-body dualism. This theory states that a human being consists of an immaterial mind and a material body. One cannot exist without the other; our immaterial soul travels to new bodies between each cycle of life and death. Plato’s dialogue is discussed, which outlines how Plato views the mind and body in terms of invisible and visible. The material things that can be explored with the five senses are material, whereas the immaterial things are invisible. The human body, being visible, is considered to be material, and the soul and the mind, or the intellect are immaterial since they cannot be perceived by any of the senses. By categorizing the body and mind in this way, Plato is able to reveal how the soul is able to survive death while the body succumbs to the destruction associated with death. The soul is an unchanging entity while the body is subjected to a myriad of changes over time. Along with this mind-body dualism, Plato also argues that there are various degrees of reality. We normally consider reality in terms of what is real and what is not real. However, Plato argues that a mirror image has only

Essay in hr Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Essay in hr - Assignment Example Studies conducted over the years have supported the argument that of the various factors that influence employee motivation and commitment at the workplace fairness and trust were ranked the highest. Although there is considerable debate and lack of consensus over the concept and appropriate definition employee engagement, there is hardly any disagreement or doubt over the issue of fairness and its relevance at the workplace. It has been clearly established by various researchers that along with adequate pay and opportunities the existence of fairness in the organisation and trust toward the management play a key role in gaining employee commitment and dedication. The psychological contract is a metaphorical representation of the various factors that help organisations in emphasising and exploring the key issues affecting their employees. It affords the management in addressing a range of issues faced by the employees and in devising effective plans to overcome the same. The fundamental objective of a psychological contract is to ensure that the management places more emphasis on the ‘people’ i.e., the employees as they are integral for organisational success and development. It also focuses on improving and enhancing the relationship between the employees and the management / organisation. The employees are integral to the success of any organisation and are instrumental in improving the profitability of the organisations. Hence various organisations include the element of ‘psychological contract’ as part of their strategic plans in order to help the organisations grow and prosper. It helps in the overall developmen t of the organisations and help in tapping the energies, creativity and knowledge offered by the employees (Truss, Soane, and Edwards, 2006). There has been a drastic change in the manner in which organizations operate and function. The attitude toward the employees has also

Smart Fabric Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Smart Fabric - Research Paper Example These fabrics are created in such a way that they can control heating and cooling. These fabrics can be used in medicine, sports, military uniforms among others. The technology in these fabrics is such that it can react to sounds, actions and movement. These textiles have been applied in healthcare, communication, music and in recent research it could be used in military. Smart fabrics are a promise of revolution for lifestyle, commerce and physical conditions of individuals (Nugent, 2006). While smart clothes offer a wide range of advantages if incorporated in the textile industry, it faces two major setbacks: unpredictability and unobtrusiveness. After years of research, finally a wearable clothing electronic system is coming up (Surhone,2010). This will provide a stable setting for commercial applications. Currently, the available solutions are mostly focused on the fitness sector and also heartbeat rate supervision through clothing electrodes. There is research working on developing a fabric or belt that will help monitor a baby’s heart rate before they are born. This will fit more in a lifestyle aspect of smart fabric application than in a medical one since monitoring the heartbeat may not be a medical requirement. In turn, it could lead to a fabric or belt that helps monitor difficult pregnancies (Plunkett, 2008). Truth is, fabrics envelop every aspect of our lives be it security, fashion, trends, sports, or health and hence, it should be convenient and accessible at all times. There is touch sensitive fabric that has been created (Lymberis, 2004). It has all qualities of ordinary fabrics, but the inclusion of to uch sensors makes it more versatile, innovative and desirable. These effects transform the fabric from a simple product to a high-tech interaction device which can be applied in many sectors in life (Surhone,2010). D3O, a non-Newtonian fluid, has been incorporated in some smart fabrics over time. Smart fabrics with this fluid embedded in them help protect the individual wearing it during impacts such as collisions, car accident and falls. This is because the fluid has properties that make it safe and reliable during impact. It moves slowly, but on shock, it locks itself together and absorbs shock to disband energy. This aspect of the fluid has seen it sawn on seams and linings of sporting gears that are dangerous and are prone to falls such as skiing (Plunkett, 2008). The energy produced during the fall is spread throughout the polymer, and through the chemical process, the energy is distributed throughout the matrix of the gears and thus reduces the expected impact. Smart fabrics a re textiles that have embedded sensors to create exceptional products that help individuals not only monitor their health, but also stay in touch with technology. It is important to understand the types of sensors available (Lymberis, 2004). Sensors are devices that react and give responses to physical stimuli such as magnetic fields, noise, defined movement, light and heat and, in turn, send out a resultant impulse to measure or manage a control. There are three types of sensors: Extrinsic Fabry-Perot (EFPI), Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG), and Ling Period Grating Sensor (LPG). These sensors are embedded into the fabrics in many different ways such as weaving them with other fabric yarn also known as battery fabric, crimpling them into fabric and weave designing. The EFPI and FBG sensors have the best qualities as at now to embed in fabrics, to make smart materials (Nambisan, 2007). The EFPI sensor helps measure temperature,

Foresight of Hong Kong logistics development Essay

Foresight of Hong Kong logistics development - Essay Example With the seventh largest stock exchange, Hong Kong enjoys large market capitalization. The growth in the economy of Hong Kong has been as a result of foresight in logistic development. The high population density plus its position in mainland China has forced the government of Hong Kong to plan and develop effective logistic to drive economic growth. Logistics in Hong Kong responsible for growth include, a good transportation network, development of a free economy, low taxation, good government policies and a good communication network. Hong Kong is situated at the heart of mainland Asia. Located at the Southern doorstep of China, it is within a 5 hour flight period from most of the other Asian countries, thus having access to about half of the population of the world (Li, 2007). The location of Hong Kong has also led it to act as the gateway for trade to and from southern China. The location has granted Hong Kong access to the Pearl River Delta, where over 31% of the Mainland’s export products are manufactured (LOGSCOUNCIL, 2013). Its location also allows Hong Kong to access a large supply of labor from neighboring areas. The region has an abundant supply of both skilled and unskilled laborers that facilitate business growth, both local and international. Hong Kong instituted CEPA (Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement) which lets local and foreign-owned corporations within Hong Kong to access the various opportunities that the fast growing Chinese market offers. This partnership also allows service providers to take advantage of the fastest growing service market in terms of logistics, transport sales agency, freight forwarding and road and maritime transport, and set up businesses in the Mainland (GovHK, 2013). The trend setting agreement also allows businesses in Hong Kong to expand on the mainland and strengthen the role of Hong Kong as the leading gateway for

Bombardier Aerospace Essay Example for Free

Bombardier Aerospace Essay After acquiring a few companies, Bombardier Aerospace was now faced with the challenge of how to align the operations of these companies who all had different sets of data, processes and systems. Major areas of concern were process delays, low inventory turn, inconsistent pricing and billing of materials among others. Bombardier introduced the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) into its aerospace division with a vision to achieve higher efficiency in manufacturing and also to significantly save cost. To assess the performance of this IT project, Bombardier Aerospace needs to consider the following six variables which are interdependent as far as success or failure is concerned. System Quality examines the desirable characteristics of an information system. These may include ease of use, system flexibility, system variability and ease of learning. If we take a look at the first phase of the project which was carried out at the Mirabel Plant, we realize that this element of system quality is not very solid. There were complaints from users with regards to the IT system. Problems were encountered after the Go Live and as a result, several users were still using legacy systems for some aspects of their work. In the second phase at the Saint-Laurent plant, we realize that after robust measures were put in place, they achieved data accuracy of 97 percent. The second variable to consider is Information Quality. This examines the desirable qualities of the system output such as its relevance, understandability, currency, timeliness and usability. The methods employees encountered delays in modifying bills of materials. Also, it took some time before they could understand what information the newly formed Master Data group required of them. This tells us that Information Quality was poor in the first phase of ERP implementation. As far as the Use of the IT project is concerned, Bombardier Aerospace needs to look at the degree and manner in which staff and users utilize the capabilities of the system. For instance, the amount of use, frequency of use, appropriateness of use or the purpose of the use. In the phase two, most users of the new system reacted positively to it but the project at the Mirabel plant was quite different. Sourcing agents could not approve a purchase order for a part if its contract did not contain a price or if the current price was different from that stated in the contract. This was a flaw in the system as far as its use was concerned. Another way to assess the IT project’s success or failure is by measuring the User Satisfaction. Not until after about one year after Go live, user satisfaction at the Mirabel plant was not good enough. Users from various functions complained about significant delays in getting answers to their queries. At the Saint-Laurent plant on the hand, most users felt that the new system made their job easier. The ERP implementation had different impacts on individuals. Employees in finance at the Mirabel plant were frustrated by the system. They had to make manual corrections to the general ledger if materials were issued incorrectly. At the Mirabel plant, the majority of users thought that the new system had impacted them positively. They thought that their inputs were taken into consideration and they virtually used the system in all instances. In terms of organizational impact, we are able to tell from the case that the project was a successful one. One of the primary goals of implementing this system was improve visibility and reduce the value of inventory held by Bombardier Aerospace. The BMIS contributed to reducing inventories by $1.2 billion in just less than a year after Go Live. Also Procurement became more efficient and integrated due to the implementation.

Alternative Medicine and Unit Learning Outcome Essay Example for Free

Alternative Medicine and Unit Learning Outcome Essay It is important to have a holistic approach to managing pain and discomfort by looking at the situation as a whole. Not just the physical side but also the mental, emotional, spiritual and social needs. Conventional medicine, alternative and complementary therapies can be used as options to relieve pain and other symptoms if desired. The care plan has been made with information which supports their lifestyle and culture. The purpose is to bring comfort, dignity and peace to the clients as well as support to their family members. 11. 2Describe different approaches to alleviate pain and minimise discomfort Answer Use drugs such as paracetamol, morphine, and ibuprofen. Use physical methods like hot water bottle, massage, cooling with ice, repositioning. Exercise methods such as walking around or taking other exercises, having a chat or doing something else to distract from pain. Alternative therapies such as aromatherapy, homeopathic medicine, reflexology, acupuncture, yoga – these therapies should be used only where care professional agrees with the beneficial effects. 11. 3Outline agreed ways of working that relate to man-aging pain and discomfort Answer Before using any of the methods to manage pain, the client needs to be assessed, as every kind of pain relief can be harmful, care plan and policies and procedures always have to be followed and necessary precautions have to be taken. 22. 1Describe how pain and discomfort may affect an individual’s wellbeing and communication Answer 22. 2Encourage an individual to express feelings of dis-comfort or pain Answer 22. 3Encourage an individual to use self-help methods of pain control Answer 22. 4Assist an individual to be positioned safely and com-fortably Answer 22. 5Carry out agreed measures to alleviate pain and discomfort Answer 33. 1Carry out required monitoring activities relating to management of an individual’s pain or discomfort Answer 33. 2Complete records in required ways Answer 33. 3Report findings and concerns as required Answer The above is an accurate record of the questioning. Learner signature:Date: Assessor signature:Date:

Reviews And Summary Of The Kite Runner English Literature Essay

Reviews And Summary Of The Kite Runner English Literature Essay THIS powerful first novel, by an Afghan physician now living in California, tells a story of fierce cruelty and fierce yet redeeming love. Both transform the life of Amir, Khaled Hosseinis privileged young narrator, who comes of age during the last peaceful days of the monarchy, just before his countrys revolution and its invasion by Russian forces. But political events, even as dramatic as the ones that are presented in The Kite Runner, are only a part of this story. A more personal plot, arising from Amirs close friendship with Hassan, the son of his fathers servant, turns out to be the thread that ties the book together. The fragility of this relationship, symbolized by the kites the boys fly together, is tested as they watch their old way of life disappear. Amir is served breakfast every morning by Hassan; then he is driven to school in the gleaming family Mustang while his friend stays home to clean the house. Yet Hassan bears Amir no resentment and is, in fact, a loyal companion to the lonely boy, whose mother is dead and whose father, a rich businessman, is often preoccupied. Hassan protects the sensitive Amir from sadistic neighborhood bullies; in turn, Amir fascinates Hassan by reading him heroic Afghan folk tales. Then, during a kite-flying tournament that should be the triumph of Amirs young life, Hassan is brutalized by some upper-class teenagers. Amirs failure to defend his friend will haunt him for the rest of his life. Hosseinis depiction of pre-revolutionary Afghanistan is rich in warmth and humor but also tense with the friction between the nations different ethnic groups. Amirs father, or Baba, personifies all that is reckless, courageous and arrogant in his dominant Pashtun tribe. He loves nothing better than watching the Afghan national pastime, buzkashi, in which galloping horsemen bloody one another as they compete to spear the carcass of a goat. Yet he is generous and tolerant enough to respect his sons artistic yearnings and to treat the lowly Hassan with great kindness, even arranging for an operation to mend the childs harelip. As civil war begins to ravage the country, the teenage Amir and his father must flee for their lives. In California, Baba works at a gas station to put his son through school; on weekends he sells secondhand goods at swap meets. Here too Hosseini provides lively descriptions, showing former professors and doctors socializing as they haggle with their customers over black velvet portraits of Elvis. Despite their poverty, these exiled Afghans manage to keep alive their ancient standards of honor and pride. And even as Amir grows to manhood, settling comfortably into America and a happy marriage, his past shame continues to haunt him. He worries about Hassan and wonders what has happened to him back in Afghanistan. The novels canvas turns dark when Hosseini describes the suffering of his country under the tyranny of the Taliban, whom Amir encounters when he finally returns home, hoping to help Hassan and his family. The final third of the book is full of haunting images: a man, desperate to feed his children, trying to sell his artificial leg in the market; an adulterous couple stoned to death in a stadium during the halftime of a football match; a rouged young boy forced into prostitution, dancing the sort of steps once performed by an organ grinders monkey. When Amir meets his old nemesis, now a powerful Taliban official, the book descends into some plot twists better suited to a folk tale than a modern novel. But in the end were won over by Amirs compassion and his determination to atone for his youthful cowardice. In The Kite Runner, Khaled Hosseini gives us a vivid and engaging story that reminds us how long his people have been struggling to triumph over the forces of violence forces that continue to threaten them even today. Edward Howers latest novel is A Garden of Demons. A former Fulbright lecturer in India, he teaches in the writing department of Ithaca College. Opinion 1: We agree with this review, its sort of a short summary. The reviewer thinks its a beautiful story and so do we. There arent any negative things about the book in this review. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E0DF123FF930A3575BC0A9659C8B63 Review 2: An Afghan hounded by his past. Khaled Hosseinis shattering debut work, The Kite Runner, is the first novel to fictionalise the Afghan culture for a Western readership The Kite Runner In this, apparently the first Afghan novel to be written in English, two motherless boys who learn to crawl and walk side by side, are destined to destroy each other across the gulf of their tribal difference in a country of dried mulberries, sour oranges, rich pomegranates and honey. Its a Shakespearean beginning to an epic tale that spans lives lived across two continents amid political upheavals, where dreams wilt before they bud and where a search for a child finally makes a coward into a man. The Kite Runner is the shattering first novel by Khaled Hosseini, an Afghan doctor who received political asylum in 1980 as civil conflict devastated his homeland. Whatever the truth of the claim to be the first English-language Afghan novel, Hosseini is certainly the first Afghan novelist to fictionalise his culture for a Western readership, melding the personal struggle of ordinary people into the terrible historical sweep of a devastated country in a rich and soul-searching narrative. Over the last three decades, Afghanistan has been ceaselessly battered by Communist rule, Soviet occupation, the Mujahideen and a democracy that became a rule of terror. It is a history that can intimidate and exhaust an outsiders attempts to understand, but Hosseini extrudes it simply and quietly into an intimate account of love, honour, guilt, fear and redemption that needs no dry history book or atlas to grip and absorb. Amir is a privileged member of the dominant Pashtun tribe growing up in affluent Kabul in the Seventies. Hassan is his devoted servant and a member of the oppressed Hazara tribe whose first word was the name of his boy-master. The book focuses on the friendship between the two children and the cruel and shameful sacrifice the rich boy makes of his humble, adoring alter ego to buy the love of his own distant father. I ran because I was a coward, Amir realises, as he bolts from the scene that severs his friendship with Hassan, shatters his childhood and haunts him for the rest of his life. I actually aspired to cowardice. The book charts Amirs attempts to flee culpability for this act of betrayal, seeking asylum from his hellish homeland in California and a new life buried deep in black velvet portraits of Elvis. Amirs story is simultaneously devastating and inspiring. His world is a patchwork of the beautiful and horrific, and the book a sharp, unforgettable taste of the trauma and tumult experienced by Afghanis as their country buckled. The Kite Runner is about the price of peace, both personal and political, and what we knowingly destroy in our hope of achieving that, be it friends, democracy or ourselves. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2003/sep/07/fiction.features1 Opinion 2: In this review the opinion of the reviewer was more clear than in the first one. The reviewer describes the themes of the book and he picked out he important things of the book. We agree with this reviewer,  we also got a lot of respect for Khaled Hosseini and his story about his youth. Review 3: Pulled by the past An immigrant returns to Kabul in Bay Area authors first novel San Francisco ChronicleJune 8, 2003 04:00 AM Copyright San Francisco Chronicle. All rights reserved. This material may not be published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed.Behind the title of first novelist Khaled Hosseinis The Kite Runner lurks a metaphor so apt and evocative that even the author never fully exploits its power. For the benefit of readers who didnt grow up in Afghanistan as Hosseini and his alter ego Amir did a kite runner is a sort of spotter in the ancient sport of kite fighting. In a kite fight, competitors coat their kite strings in glue and ground glass, the better to cut their rivals moorings. While the fighters kite is swooping and feinting in an effort to rule the skies, his kite-running partner is racing to own the streets, chasing down all their opponents unmoored, sinking trophies. Its a fresh, arresting, immediately visual image, and Hosseini uses it well enough as a symbol for Amirs privileged Afghan childhood in the 1970s, when he and his faithful servant, Hassan, had the run of Kabuls streets. Near the novels end, when the adult Amir returns in secret to Taliban-controlled, sniper-infested Kabul in search of Hassans lost son, the contrast with his cosseted, kite-flying youth could scarcely be more pronounced, or more effective. But Hosseini could have deepened the symbolism even further if he hadnt ignored what, in essence, a kite fight really is: a proxy war. Heres Afghanistan, jerked around like a kite for most of its 20th century history by the British, the Soviets, the Taliban and us, played off against its neighbors by distant forces pulling all the strings, and Hosseini never once makes the connection. Its just too tempting a trick to leave on the table. Of course, its Hosseinis metaphor and he can do with it or not do with it as he pleases. Considering how traditionally and transparently he tells the rest of Amirs story, though, Hosseini wouldnt seem the type to go burying half-concealed ideas for readers to tease out. More likely, he instinctively hooked a great image but, alas, doesnt yet have the technique to bring it in for a landing. Its a small failing, symptomatic of this middlebrow but proficient, timely novel from an undeniably talented new San Francisco writer. Hosseinis antihero Amir narrates the book from the Bernal Heights home he shares with his wife, Soraya. Like Hosseini, Amirs a writer, modestly celebrated for literary novels with such pretentious-sounding titles as A Season of Ashes. But Amirs childhood in Kabul still haunts him, specifically his mysterious inability to earn the love of his philanthropically generous but emotionally withholding father, and his guilt about failing to protect his angelic half- caste old kite runner, Hassan, from a savage assault. When Amir receives a deathbed summons from his fathers business partner in Pakistan, he sees a chance to redeem himself from the secrets that have left him psychically stranded between Afghanistan and the United States. Unfortunately, we know all this because Amir tells us, and not just once. Listen to him here, on the verge of his rescue mission over the Khyber Pass: I was afraid the appeal of my life in America would draw me back, that I would wade back into that great, big river and let myself forget, let the things I had learned these last few days sink to the bottom. I was afraid that Id let the waters carry me away from what I had to do. From Hassan. From the past that had come calling. And from this one last chance at redemption. One might excuse all this melodramatic breathlessness as the reflexive self- examination of a character who, after all, writes novels with titles like A Season of Ashes. But Amirs not the only one given to overly explicit musings. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/chronicle/archive/2003/06/08/RV24780.DTL Opinion 3: We dont agree with the  opinion of this reviewer, he is way more negative then the first two. He thinks Hosseini could have deepened the symbolism of the book even further. But we think the book is okay like it is now. Setting Place: The story takes place for most part in Afghanistan, in and around Kabul. Later on the setting moves to the United States/ America, in San Francisco, California. Then Amir goes back to Pakistan and Taliban ruled Afghanistan. The story ends in the United States. The place is important for the story because you can imagine how it was in Afghanistan before the occupation. Many people fled to America to build a new life. Time: The time is not that important. Only the cold war. Amir en Baba need to run to Pakistan and then to America. Character Amir: Amir is in his childhood 12 years old and lives in Kabul,Afghanistan. He is a Pashtun, that are the better and richer people in Afghanistan. Later he is 38 years old and lives in America. Amir is the half-brother of Hassan, but he doesnt know that yet. He finds out much later in the book. Amir is a writer he loves to tell stories and when he is a grown up he writes a book. He wants his father to love him for who he is. Because his father rather wanted to see other qualities like Hassan has in Amir. Hassan: Hassan is the best friend of Amir in his childhood. Amir never told him that but Hassan knew they were. Hassan is a Hazzara which means he is almost worth nothing in the believe in Kabul. He has a china doll face and green eyes. Hassan has a father called Ali, who later turned out to be not his father but Baba was his father, he never knew that. Hassan always fights for Amir. Hassan would do anything that Amir asks him to do. He is the slave of Amir. Later he gets married and have a son called Sohrab. He and his wife get murdered by the Taliban and Sohrab goes to a orphanage. Assef: Assef is the bully of the neighbourhood. He has blond hair and blue eyes so he is very beautiful. He is the one that rapes Hassan. Later in the orphanage he also rapes Sohrab, the son of Hassan. But Amir and Sohrab fight to him and they could escape. Assef becomes part of the Taliban. And is very extreme he believes in the ideas of Hitler. Baba: Baba is the father of Amir and Hassan. Baba has a good running business which no one thought he could do that. His best friend is Rahim Khan. He stands for the rights of human and does not discriminate. He says that the only sin you can make is theft. When you kill someone you steel his life, you steel someones son, father or husband. Baba wants Amir to be more like Hassan. Because Amir reads poetry just like his mother but Hassan can fight and do boys stuff. At the end of the book Baba dies because of lung cancer. Ali: Ali is a childhood friend of Baba, he is also the servant of Baba. He has a son Hassan, who later turned out to be not his son. He had Polio so he is cripple. The children in town laugh at him and call him names. He was killed by a landmine. Rahim Khan: Rahim Khan is the best friend of Baba and also his business partner. Rahim Kahn supports Amir in Writing because Baba doesns, he buys a book where he can writes his stories in for Amir. Rahim Khan is the one who calls Amir and also the one who tells Amir that Hassan was his half-brother. He tells him to come and get the son of Hassan. At the end of the story he disappears and leaves a letter for Amir. Soraya: Soraya is an Afghan woman who lives in America with Amir. She is the wife of Amir. She has a father who is a general. But in there culture she is not clean. When they lived in Afghanistan she ran away with here boyfriend and had sex before marriage. Her father brought here back, but after that nobody wanted her anymore, except for Amir offcourse. She cannot have children but later they adopt Sohrab. Sohrab: Sohrab is the son of Hassan he is just like hes father in many ways. They look quite the same and Sohrab can also shoot very good with a sling-shot. He is also raped By Assef and was traumatized. He tried to kill himself by cutting his wrists. He is adopted by Amir and Soraya. Plot Introduction: The story begins in America when Amir is called bij Rahim Khan. That is the moment that there is action in the story. Amir tells about his history, his childhood with Hassan. Initial incident: Hassan gets raped by Assef. Amir sees it but wont do a thing. Amir wants Hassan to go away. And hides the watch he had on his birthday. Hassan and Ali move away. The war starts and Baba and Amir run to Pakistan, later to America Rising action: Rahim Khan calls Amir and tells him to go to Pakistan to get his redemption from the past. The son of Hassan needs to be safed. Climax: Amir is in Kabul and saves Sohrab the son of Ali. He fights with Assef. Sohrab shot in the eye of Assef. Falling action: Amir and Sohrab are back in Pakistan and they need to get back to America, but Sohrab has no visa. Soraya the wife of Amir she has here connections and she can adopt Sohrab. Summary On a sunny day in 2001 Amir calls from Rahim Khan, the best friend of his father. The book is about a boy named Amir. He lives with his father, Baba and their servants Ali and Hassan. Saunaubar, Amirs mother was deceased when he was born. Amir is a Pashtun, a Soenni muslim. Hassans mother, Sanaubar, has run off with another man. Hassan is a Hazara, a Shia muslim. Mahmood is also a good friend of Baba. Mahmood is a pilot and has a German woman and a son named Assef. One day Hassan and Amir are on their way to the pomegranate tree. Under this tree Amir reads stories to Hassan. Later closed Assef, and his friends Kamal and Wali their in. Assef says that Hitler was a good man and that he also had to do with the Hazaras what he did to the Jews also. Hassan tied Assef and his friends with a slingshot. One day in 1974, just after Ramadan, Hassans birthday. He does not get gifts like toys, but an operation on his cleft lip. Dr Baba. Kumar surgeon invited to come and make an appointment for the surgery. Amir loves the winter in Kabul. Every year, Kite and Amir did run tournaments held each year. He wanted to be the first to fall more into the eyes of his father. Amir and Hassan went to the bazaar to buy material to make a kite. Baba saw that they were making a kite and said it might not be good enough for the competition. He took along to Saifo, the best kite maker in Kabul, Baba bought a kite for Amir and Hassan. The next day its snowing outside and Amir doubt for kiting. As Hassan says there is no monster, its a beautiful day Amir decides to go kiting. During kiting . his hands bleeding completely. After a while he is still in the final with a boy. Amir manages to keep the kite to cut and he wants the match. Amir still wanted the blue kite in the air. Hassan ran after the kite because he knows where the kites fall. Everyone congratulated Amir. Amir went searching for Hassan. He asked the people on the street if they had seen him. Omar, a son of one of the friends of his father, Ha ssan said that in the direction of the market went. At the bazaar Amir asked a man if he had seen Hassan. The man had seen him and told that he said: For you a thousand time over. Amir suddenly heard voices and noises. He recognized the voice of Hassan. He saw the three boys, Assef, Wali and Kamal with Hassan. The boys like the kite but Hassan would not given it. He said that Amir won the game fair. Assef said that nothing in the world is fair. Wali and Kamal pushing Hassan to the ground and Assef raped him. Amir continues to see and do or say nothing at all. Eventually he runs away to the bazaar. He let Hassan down. Later Hassan runs in a hard way to Amir with the kite in his hand. His father is very proud of him. Hassan feeling pretty good and not so he would only sleep. Ali thinks that something is and asks Hassan to Amir. Amir would have been possible with his father and do things. They go to Jalalabad, the cousin live there, his wife and two daughters (twins) and Karima Fazila. Amir is carsick and throws up on Fazila back in the car. When they come home, Hassan and Amir didnt talk to each other. A few days later Hassan asks Amir if hes coming to the bakery. Amir says he doesnt want it so Hassan asks what he has done wrong. Amir asks his father if they start taking new servants, Baba is angry, saying: Hassans not going anywhere. He is staying right here with us, where he belongs. This is his home and were his family. Amir get for his birthday a stingray and wrist watch from his father. Rahim Khan gives him a notebook to write his stories. Amir write a story about the life of Hassan. Hassan loved it and later said that Amir would be a great writer. Amir could not live with his guilt that he had done nothing when Hassan was raped, but also because he felt that Hassan get sometimes more attention than him. When Ali and Hassan went to the bazaar Amir put his new watch and some money under the mattress of Hassan. He told Baba that his watch was missing. eventually they find it under the mattress of Hassan. Amir hopes that Baba accused Hassan of theft from their home and move. But that is not the case. Baba forgives Hassan. From self-esteem Ali and Hassan go away. Baba does everything to let them stay, but nothing can stop them. They go to Hazarajat to Alis cousin. After the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, early 1980, flights Amir and his father to Peshwar, Pakistan. On the way into the tank theyre all acquaintances, including Kamal and his father. The mother was shot dead by Kamal and Kamal has a trauma left over so he can not talk. Kamal is dead the next morning. His father can not take it anymore and shoots himself with a bullet in his mouth. Amir and Baba flight from Pakistan to the United States in 1980. Amir builds a new life, but he fails to mention Hassan. Amir goes to school to become a writer and Baba find work at a gas station. Amir gets a Ford from his father. Baba is very ill. The doctors discovered that he has lung cancer. Baba does not want chemotherapy, only painkillers. Amir and Baba go in their spare time to the market for selling used products. Amir get to learn Soraya and fall in love with her. Her father is General Mr. Sahib. Iqbal. He worked for ministery of Defense. Baba buy a VW from an old acquaintance. Amir and Soraya talk. Soraya want them to read stories written by Amir. Sorayas mother, Jamila finds Amir is a nice guy. When it is New year Amir and Baba are walking a bit outside. Baba falls on the ground and theres blood from his mouth. Hes just unconscious. Baba is taken to hospital. Baba told Amir that he likes Soraya and Baba agree with it, so Amir and Soraya are goint to marry. Soraya wants to talk to him on the phone. She said that she is impure. And she has had some problems with her ex boyfriend. Soraya thought Amir would not want her after she said that. The day after the wedding the aunt and uncle from Soraya came to visite. They played a game with Amir. That night Baba Soraya wanted to give his medication but he did not. He said he had no pain. From that evening Baba never woke up. Amir writes books about father and son. His book is crowned. Amir and Soraya learn that they cant have children. Soraya doesnt want a child addoption she wants to feel how its like to be pregnant. . When Sorayas father learned that she had gone to bed before her marriage, she was imprisoned and had all her hair cut off. She wished that her father died. 2001, Amir gets a call from Rahim Khan. He said that he is very ill and that he wants to see Amir before his deat. He lives in Pakistan. They talk about Baba and the occupation of Afghanistan by the Taliban. The Taliban has expelled the Russians from Afghanistan. People thought they were saved. But that was wrong. Rahim said could care no longer for the house of Amir and Baba. He decided to go to Hassan and Ali and with difficulty he could persuade Hassan. Rahim did not sell the house because of the great memories. Hassan was married and had one son, Sohrab. His wife was pregnant with a daughter. Amir reads the letter that Hassan had written for him. Hassan and his wife were shot by the Taliban. Sohrab was arrested and placed in an orphanage. Amir Rahim wish now that he is going to save Sohrab because all the children in that orphanage are in the hands of the Taliban. Rahim also said that Ali is not the real father of Hassan, because he could get no children. Baba is the father of Ha ssan only he has a different mother. If Amir hears this hes very angry, because they had concealed for them the fact that they are step brothers. Amir thinks about the past and now know why Baba never forget Hassans birthday. When Amir Baba asked if she would take new servants said Baba yet,Hassans not going anywhere, hed barked. He is staying right here with us, where he belongs. This is his home and were his family.Amir feels guilty. He decides to go to Kabul to rescue Sohrab. Farid, the taxi driver and friend of Rahim, takes him to Kabul. Along the way, they stayed with the brother of Farid. Amir sees for the first time in his life a Taliban soldier. He also meets an old classmate of his mother. The man told a few things, but a lot has forgotten. Eventually they go to a orphange. The location of the orphanage where Sohrab would sit, is lent to a ruler of the Taliban, monthly boys or girls from the orphanage will get to satisfy his sexual needs. Zaman is the boss. Farid will fight with Zaman. Amir should go with Farid to the stadium, to look at the man who has a black sunglasses. Amir goes to the home of the Taliban fighter. Amir recognized the man, it is Assef. Assef says Amir can take the child if he wins. Amir gets a slap in the face with brass knuckles. He gets a tear in his lip. Sohrad shoot a stone in the eye from Assef with his slingshot. Assef concern Sohrab and Amir and this will give the opportunity to flee. Amir has to go to the hospital. In the taxi they fled to Pakistan. Rahim Khan is gone and left money for Amir he can use to return to America. It was a trick of Rahim Khan to get Amir that far he would take care of Sohrab. He knew of the betrayal of Amir and he realizes that this is the only way to give back to Hassan. Amir ask Soraya if she want to adopt Sohrab, she scared a bit. Amir hears how difficult it will be to get away Sohrab. He is advised to let Sohrab stay in Pakistan in an orphanage for a while, but Sohrab will no longer be in an orphanage and that Amir had pledged him. During a telephone call from Soraya she informs that she thinks she can adopt him in America, Sohrab cut his wrists. Fortunately, he saved time and then he recovers. Sohrab needs a visa to be allowed into the United States what takes a long time. Soraya finally able to arrange dates could take Sohrab to the United States. Amir adopted Sohrab and he buys a kite for Sohrab. The two of them kite fight together and win. For the first time Sohrab smiles for Amir. Then Amir use the phrase that Hassan always said to him: For you a thousend time over and run to fetch the kite. Theme There are a lot of themes in this book and mostly apply to all the characters. Father and son relationship: Baba has two sons but you think only Amir is the son of him. For Amir is Baba the smartest and strongest men in the whole entire world. Amir wants his father to be proud of him but Baba doesnt like the qualities of Amir. He wants Amir to be more like Hassan. Also the relation of Hassan and Sohrab they are a lot a like. They can both use the sling shot very well. Betrayal: Amir betrays Hassan by framing him for theft. Loyalty: The loyalty of Hassan to Amir because they are best friends but Hassan is also the servent of Amir. Also Ali to Baba when the watch is stolen from Amir. Ali wants to go away because of honor and loyalty. At the end of the book its the other way around now is Amir loyal to the son of Hassan, you can read that when Sohrab en Amir go kiting in the park Amir is running after the kite of Sohrab. Redemption: Amir tries to make it up to Hassan by adopting Sohrab, many other characters try to find redemption like Baba. Title The title is: The kite runner. Kite fighting is a traditional sport in Afghanistan. Hassan is a kite runner for Amir. He runs to fetch kites Amir has deafeated by cutting their strings. He knows where such a kite will land without even seeing it. One day, Amir wins the local tournament, and finally Babas praise. Hassan goes to run the last kite for Amir, saying for you, a thousand times over.

Essay --

Tyler Brown Mrs. Hunt English 11 11 March 2014 Biomedical Engineering A career and tech. high school is a type of schooling that when a student graduates gives that pupil a trade degree in that scholars certain area of study along with that learners high school diploma. This is different from a normal high school because a student graduates with a degree that enables a scholar to go straight into that pupil’s field of study. For example if a learner is studying biotech the student will learn how to use the tools used in everyday labs like micro and serological pipets. One fields of study that the biotech program trains the students to do is biomedical engineering. In order to become a biomedical engineer undergraduate’s need years of schooling, and understanding of the growth in industry, once the technician has the job that engineer must adapt to the job or the job will sweep the operator under the rug. Looking at the history of this industry it has only grown sense it was first introduced. This is because societies are always sick and everyone wants to get better, which is where Biomedical Engineering comes in. The scientists work constantly to construct new medical devices; some of these devices include critical time instruments like a defibrillators or a disorder that is permanent like a pace maker. In both cases without them many people would not make it out of a hospital. There is one issues with the biomedical industry, as time goes on engineers are constantly pressured to come up with the next great device but they are limited by what has already been made. What this means is Engineers can only be as good as the equipment that is presented to them. A pro to this is that in return the engineers are paid fairly well and get ... ...uire engineers to have a higher degree of education, like if they want to work as the head technician the requirement goes from a bachelor’s to a master’s degree. Every year that the engineers work they are required to do certain tests to make sure that they are proficient with the equipment that they use in there labs. Work Cited â€Å"Biomedical engineer.† Career information center. Ed. Mary bonk. 9th ed. Vol. 6, Detroit: Macmillan Reference USA. Student Resources in Context. Web. 3 Feb. 2014. Bureau of labor statistic, U. S. department of labor, â€Å"occupational outlook handbook†, 2014 -2015 Ed, Biomedical Engineers. Web. 24 Feb. 2014. "Biomedical engineering." The Gale Encyclopedia of Science. Ed. K. Lee Lerner and Brenda Wilmoth Lerner. 4th ed. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Student Resources in Context. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.

Television and the Forever Changing World :: Essays Papers

Television and the Forever Changing World â€Å"To suggest that children growing up in the 1990s live in a different world than the one their parents or grandparents experienced is not only to state the obvious, but to understate the obvious.† -Children & Television: Images in Changing a Sociocultural World - Joy Keiko Asamen and Gordon L. Berry, Eds. From Barney the Purple Dinosaur and Sesame Street to Friends and Buffy the Vampire Slayer, television covers a variety of materials. The television, as a means of education, has changed drastically since its 1939 North American debut. The way children learn, both academically and socially, have been affected by this change. Television is at the center of a multimedia society. Effects of television on children include, among many other aspects of life, time control and leisure activity displacement, parental involvement in education, and attention, comprehension, and retention skills. A BRIEF HISTORY OF TELEVISION At the time of its debut, the television was expected to impact the lives of children. TV broadcasting came to the United States in July of 1941, when the Federal Communications Commission licensed the first commercial stations. Broadcasting was then limited during World War 2, and once again went full-scale in 1946. â€Å"Despite the slow start to television broadcasting, this medium was quickly adopted and it diffused through the population at an accelerated pace (Asamen 10).† The number of households with a television set jumped from approximately 10,000 in 1945 to nearly seven million in 1950. â€Å"By 1955, almost 65% of U.S. households had at least one television set, and that figure was 90% in 1960 (Asamen 11).† Currently only 2% of American households do not have a television set. (Asamen 10-11) Throughout the past three or four decades, the image of an American family has become more complex. In the past, families predominantly consisted of a mother, a father, and several children. This has developed into something new, with "a highly varied collection of nuclear families with one or two children, single parent households (predominantly female-headed), reconstituted or blended families following divorce and remarriage, and married or unmarried couples who prefer to remain childless (Huston 36)." This observation causes a person o ask whether or not television programming has reflected this change. Are shows like 7th Heaven an accurate representation of a modern American family? Are the contents of The Wonder Years and The Brady bunch still relevant in our society?

Kate Chopins The Awakening Essay -- Chopin Awakening Essays

Kate Chopin's The Awakening In Kate Chopin's, The Awakening, Edna Pontellier came in contact with many different people during a summer at Grand Isle. Some had little influence on her life while others had everything to do with the way she lived the rest of her life. The influences and actions of Robert Lebrun on Edna led to her realization that she could never get what she wanted, which in turn caused her to take her own life. In the Creole culture, outward affection and expression were a common thing. Edna, being brought up in Kentucky, "was at first a little confused. . .by the Creole's gentle caress. She was not accustomed to an outward and spoken expression of affection, either in herself or in others," (Chopin 22). Robert knew that Edna was not of Creole background and that she might not take his flirting as simply that. Yet, he still continued to playfully pursue Edna like the women which he had been devoting himself to each summer for the past eleven years. He did not understand that what he was doing was wrong in the culture that Edna had been brought up with. Once, when Robert laid his head against Edna's arm, she brushed him off. He then did it again and Edna "could not but believe it to be thoughtlessness on his part; yet that was no reason she submit to it," (15). Edna was at first disturbed by Robert's actions. Because she did not know about the Creole culture, she allowed Robert to f lirt with her and she actually took him seriously. The flirting resulted in her starting to have feelings for him and to wonder about her place in life. Another thing was that Robert was not blind to the whole situation and that Edna would not understand his flirting. When Madame Ratignolle was walking back to the house with Robert, she flat out warned him about what he was doing. "Let Mrs. Pontellier alone. . .she is not one of us; she is not like us. She might make the unfortunate blunder of taking you seriously," (27). Robert argues that there is no possibility of Edna taking him seriously. That whole conversation only reiterates that Robert does not understand what he is getting Edna and himself into. Robert finally realized what was happening between Edna and him. He started to have feelings for her that he could not control. When he told everyone that he was going to Mexico for business, it was actually to get away from ... ...ike almost everyone else, Leonce also did not think that anything would come out of Robert's flirting with Edna. Leonce did not realize that Edna was not brought up in the Creole culture and would not know how to deal with the way that Robert acted. He allowed Robert and Edna to go out together without even thinking twice. He did not see anything wrong with the two of them doing everything together. Even though it was common in the Creole culture for people to openly show their feelings, Leonce should have realized that Edna, because of her different upbringings, would not know how to deal with Robert's actions. In one way or another he was the one that helped start their feeling towards each other. Although there are a few more small examples about how Leonce might have caused Edna to take her life, the influence that Robert had over her is even more overpowering. Because of Robert, Edna realized that she was not happy with who or where she was and decided to drastically change everything that she was accustomed to. If Edna Pontellier had never met Robert Lebrun, she may never have realized how unhappy she was, and, in turn, may never have chosen to end her life.

Factor Affecting Job Satisfaction in Banks

A Banker on whom a cheque is drawn should pay the cheque when it is presented for payment. * This cheque paying function is a distinguished one of a banker. * This obligation has been imposed on him by sec. 31 of the N. I Act, 1881. * A banker is bound to honour his customer’s cheque, to the extent of the funds available and the existence of no legal bar to payment. Again, for making payment the cheque must be in order and it must be duly presented for payment at the branch where the account is kept. * The paying banker should use reasonable care and diligence in paying a cheque, so as to abstain from any action likely to damage his customer’s credit. * If the paying banker wrongfully dishonours a cheque, he will be asked to pay heavy damages. * At the same time, if he makes payment in a hurry, even when there is sufficient balance, the banker will not be allowed to debit the customer’s account.If he does so, it will amount to sanctioning of overdraft without pri or arrangement, and later on, the customer can claim it as precedent and compel the banker to pay cheque in the absence of sufficient balance. His position is very precarious and is in between the devil and the deep sea. PRECAUTIONS BEFORE HONORING A CHEQUE In order to safeguard his position, the paying banker has to observe the following precautions before honouring a cheque. Presentation of The Cheque (a) Type of the cheque: Before honouring a cheque, he must find out the type to which it belongs.Cheques may generally be of two types- open or crossed. If it is an open one, the payment may be made at the counter. If it is crossed, the payment must be made only to fellow banker. If it is specially crossed, the payment must be specifically made to that banker in whose favour it has been crossed. If there are ‘A/C Payee’ and ‘Not Negotiable’ crossings the paying banker need not worry, as they are the directions only to the collecting banker. If the paying ban ker pays a cheque contrary to the crossing, he is liable to the drawer. Therefore, he must pay special attention to the type of a cheque. b) Branch: The Paying banker should see whether the cheque is drawn on the branch where the account is kept. If it is drawn on another branch, without any prior arrangement, the banker can safely return the cheque. (c) Account: Even in the same branch, a customer might have opened two or more accounts. Hence, the paying banker should see that the cheque of one account is not used for withdrawing money from another account. (d) Banking hours: The paying banker should also note whether the cheque is presented during the banking hours on a business day. Payment outside the banking hours does not amount to payment in due course. e) Mutilation: If a cheque is torn into pieces or cancelled or mutilated, then, the paying banker should not honour it. He should return the cheque for the drawer’s confirmation. In a case cheque is torn accidentally, t he drawer must confirm it by writing such words as ‘Accidentally torn by me’ and affixing his full signature. A cheque torn into two or more pieces is generally returned with a remark ‘Mutilated’. Form of cheque: Printed form: The cheque must be in proper form. It must satisfy all the requirements of law. The customers should draw cheques only on the printed leaves supplied by the bankers.Unconditional order: The cheque should not contain any condition. If it is a conditional one, the paying banker’s position will become critical and he may not honour it. Date: Before honouring a cheque, the bank must see whether there is a date on the instrument. If it is undated, it cannot be regarded as a valid instrument. If a cheque is ante- dated, it may be paid if it has not become stale by that time. A cheque, which is presented after six months, from the date of its issue, is a stale one. If a cheque is post- dated, he should honour it only on its due date.A mount: The next important precaution is that the banker should see whether the amount stated in the cheque, both in words and figures, agree with each other. If the amount is stated only in figures, the banker should return it with a remark ’Amount required to be stated in words’. However if the amount stated only in words, the banker may honour it. Supposing , there is a difference in the amount stated in words and figures, then the banker can take any one of the following courses available to him: i) He can dishonour the cheque with a memorandum ‘words and figures differ’ or i)He can honour the amount stated in words According to Sec. 18 of the N. I. Act, if the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid is stated differently in figures and words, the amount stated in words shall be the amount undertaken or ordered to be paid. ’ However in practice, if the difference is insignificant, payment is sometimes made. But usually the paying banker returns t he cheque under such circumstances, since there is an audit objection to the practice of honouring such cheques. III. Sufficient balance: There must be sufficient balance to meet the cheque.If the funds available are not sufficient to honour a cheque, the paying banker is justified in returning it. So, before honouring a cheque, he must check up the present state of his customers account. IV. Signature of the drawer: The next important duty of a paying banker is to compare the signature of his customer found on the cheque with that of his specimen signature. If he fails to do so and if he pays a cheque , which contains a forged signature of the drawer, then, the payment will not amount to payment in due course. Hence, he can not claim protection under Sec. 85 of the N. I. Act.If the signature has been too skillfully forged for the banker to find it out, even then the banker is liable. However, if the customer facilitates the forgery of his signature by his conduct, then, the banker will be relieved from his liability. Legal bar: The existence of legal bar like Garnishee Order limits the duty of the banker to pay a cheque. Garnishee order refers to the order issued by a court attaching the funds of the judgment debtor (i. e. , the customer) in the hands of a third party (i. e. , the banker). The term ‘Garnishee’ refers to the person who has been served with the order.This Garnishee proceedings comprise of two steps. As a first step ‘Garnishee Order Nisi’ will be issued. ‘Nisi’ means ‘unless’. In other words, this order gives an opportunity to the banker to prove that this order could not be enforced. If the banker does not make any counterclaim, this order becomes absolute one. This ‘garnishee Order absolute’ actually attaches the account of the customer. If it attaches the whole amount of a customer’s account, then, the banker must dishonour the cheque drawn by that customer. He can honour his cheques to the extent of the amount that is not garnished. Endorsement:Before honouring a cheque, the banker must verify the regularity of endorsement, if any, that appears on the instrument. It is more so in the case of an order cheque, which requires an endorsement before its delivery. For instance, if there is per pro endorsement, the banker must find out the existence of authority. Failure to do so constitutes negligence on the part of the paying banker. Per pro endorsement is an endorsement made by an authorized agent. Prior information about the delegation of authority to the agent must have been given to the banker. Otherwise, a banker is not legally bound to accept this type of endorsement.CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH A CHEQUE CAN BE DISHONORED Countermanding: Countermanding is the instruction given by the customer of a bank requesting the bank not to honour a particular cheque issued by him. When such an order is received, the banker must refuse to pay the cheque. If a cu stomer informs by telephone or telegram regarding the stopping payment of a cheque, the banker should diplomatically delay the payment, till written instructions are received. If the situation is very critical, he can return the cheque by giving a suitable answer like ’payment countermanded by telephone and postponed pending confirmation. Therefore, countermanding instructions, once received, must be kept as a constant record. A ‘stopped payment’ register may be maintained for ready reference. Upon the receipt of notice of death of a customer: When a banker receives written information from an authoritative source, (preferably from the nearest relatives) regarding the death of a particular customer, he should not honour any cheque drawn by that deceased customer. If the banker is unaware of the death of a customer, he may honour the cheque drawn by him.Death puts an automatic end to the contractual relationship between a banker and his customer. Upon the receipt of notice of insolvency: Once a banker has knowledge of the insolvency of a customer, he must refuse to pay cheques drawn by him. Upon the receipt of notice of insanity: Where a banker receives notice of a customer’s insanity, he is justified in refusing payment of the cheque drawn by him. The banker should make a careful note, when the lunacy order is received. It is advisable that the banker should act upon a definite proof of the customer’s insanity like a doctor’s certificate, a court order etc.Upon the receipt of notice of assignment: The bank balance of a customer constitutes an asset and it can be assigned to any person by giving a letter of assignment to the banker. Once an assignment has been made, the assignor has no legal rights over the bank balance and therefore, if any cheque is drawn by him, the banker should refuse to honour it. When a breach of trust is intended: In the case of a trust account, mere knowledge of the customer’s intention t o use the trust funds for his personal use, is a sufficient reason to dishonour his cheque.Defective title: If a person who brings a cheque for payment has no title or his title is defective, the banker should refuse to honour the cheque presented by him. For instance, a person who brings a cheque, which has been countermanded or which has been forged, has no title to it. Statutory Protection to a Paying Banker: Supposing, a paying banker pays a cheque, which bears a forged signature of the payee or endorsee, he is liable to the true owner of the cheque. But, it is quite unjustifiable to make the banker responsible for such errors.It is so because; he is not expected to know the signature of the payee or the endorsee. Therefore, law relieves the paying banker from his liability to the true owner in such cases. This relief is known as ‘statutory protection. ’ To claim protection under Sec. 85 of the N. I. Act, 1881, the banker should have fulfilled the following conditio ns: * He should have paid an order cheque. * Such a cheque should have been endorsed by the payee or his order. * It should have been paid in due course. PAYMENT IN DUE COURSE The cheque should have been paid in due course as per Sec. 0 of the N. I. Act. This concept of payment in due course has three essential features: (I) Apparent tenor of the instrument: To avail of the statutory protection, the payment should have been made according to the apparent tenor of the instrument. The apparent tenor refers to the intention of the parties, as it is evident from the face of the instrument. Example: If a drawer draws a cheque with a post –date, his intention is to make payment only after a certain date. If it is paid before the due date, this payment does not amount to payment in due course.So also, the payment of a countermanded cheque does not amount to payment in due course. (ii) Payment in good faith and without negligence: Good faith forms the basis of all banking transaction s. As regards negligence, the banker may sometimes be careless in his duties, which constitutes an act of negligence. If negligence is proved, the banker will loss the statutory protection given under Sec. 85. Example: * Payment of a crossed cheque over the counter. * Payment of a post-dated cheque before maturity. * Failure to verify the regularity of an endorsement. iii)Payment to a person who is entitled to receive payment: The banker must see that the person, who presents the cheque, is in possession of the instrument and he is entitled to receive the amount of the cheque. Protection to a bearer cheque: Now this protection has been extended to bearer cheques also under sec. 85(2). If a bearer cheque is paid in due course, the banker is entitled to get protection. Statutory Protection in the case of a Materially Altered Cheque: A paying banker cannot normally claim any statutory protection for a materially altered cheque. However; Sec. 89of the Negotiable instrument Act.Gives pro tection in the case of a materially altered cheque provided, (1) He is liable to pay, (2)Such an alteration is not apparent and, (3) The banker has made the payment in due course. Recovery of Money Paid by Mistake: Under the following circumstances, money wrongly paid can be recovered:- (i)Money received mala fide is recoverable: When a person receives money by mistake in bad faith, knowing that he is not entitled to receive that money, then, the banker is entitled to recover the same. (ii) Money paid under a mistake of fact is recoverable: For instance, a banker pays money to X, thinking that he is Y.This is a mistake of fact regarding the identity of the parties. Y is under a legal duty to pay the money back to the banker. COLLECTING BANKER A collecting banker is one who undertakes to collect the amount of a cheque for his customer from the paying banker. In collecting a cheque, the banker can act in two capacities namely (1) as a holder for value, and (2) as an agent for collecti on. The banker would be as a holder for value: (a) If he allows his customers to withdraw money before cheques paid in for collection are actually collected and credited. b) If any open cheque is accepted and the value is paid before collection, and (c) If there is a reduction in the overdraft account of the customer before the cheque is collected and credited in the respective account. In all these cases, the banker acquires a personal interest. A Banker as an agent: In practice, no banker credits a customer account even before a cheque is collected. He collects a cheque on behalf of a customer. So, he cannot acquire any of the rights of a holder for value. He has to act only as an agent of the customer. Duties of A Collecting Banker: i) Exercise reasonable care and diligence in his collection work: When a banker collects a cheque for his customer, he acts only as an agent of the customer. He should exercise reasonable care, diligence and skill in collection work. (ii) Present the cheque for collection without any delay: The banker must present the cheque for payment without any delay. If there is delay in presentment, the customer may suffer losses due to the insolvency of the drawer or insufficiency of funds in the account of the drawer or insolvency of the banker himself. In all such cases, the banker should bear the loss. iii) Notice to customer in the case of dishonour of a cheque: The N. I. Act has prescribed a reasonable time for giving the notice of dishonour. If he fails to do so, and consequently, any loss arises to the customer, the banker has to bear the loss. (iv) Present the bill for acceptance at an early date: As per sec. 61 of the N. I. Act, a bill of exchange must be accepted. If a banker undertakes to collect bills, it is his duty to present them for acceptance at an early date. (v) Present the bill for payment: The banker should present the bills for payment in proper time and at proper place.If he fails to do so and if any loss occurs to the customer, then, the banker will be liable. According to Sec. 66 of N. I. Act a bill must be presented for payment on maturity. (vi) Protest and note a foreign bill for non-acceptance: In case of dishonour of a bill by non-acceptance or non-payment, it is the duty of the collecting banker to inform the customer immediately. Generally he returns the bill to the customer. In the absence of specific instructions, collecting bankers do not get the inland bills noted and protested for dishonour.If the bill in question happens to be a foreign bill, the banker should have it protested and noted by a notary public and then forwarded it to the customer. Statutory Protection to the collecting Banker: According to sec. 131 of the N. I. Act, statutory protection is available to the collecting Banker in the following cases: (i)Crossed cheques only: a collecting banker only for crossed cheques can claim statutory protection. It is so because, in the case of an open cheque, it is not absolutely necessary for a person to seek the service of a bank. ii) Collections on behalf of customers as an agent: a banker only can claim the above protection for those cheques collected by him as agent of his customers. iii) In good faith and without negligence: In order to get the protection under this section, a collecting banker must act in good faith and without negligence. Matter of negligence is of great importance. Basis of negligence: When a collecting banker wants to claim protection under Sec. 131, he has the burden of proving that he has acted without negligence.Gross negligence: If a banker is completely careless in collecting a cheque, then, he will be held liable under the ground of ‘gross negligence. ’ Examples: Collecting a cheque crossed ‘A/C payee’ for other than the payee’s account: Account payee crossing is a direction to the collecting banker. If he collects a cheque crossed ’A/C payee’ for any person other than the payee , then, this fact will be proved as an evidence of gross negligence. FAILURE TO VERIFY THE CORRECTNESS OF ENDORSEMENT If a banker omits to verify the correctness of endorsements on cheques payable to order, he will be deprived of the statutory protection. i)Failure to verify the existence of authority in the case of per pro signatures: If a collecting banker fails to verify the existence of authority in the case of per pro signatures, if any, will be proved as an evidence of gross negligence. (ii) Negligence connected with the immediate collection: If, on the face of a cheque, there is a warning that there is misappropriation of money, the collecting banker should make some reasonable enquiry and only after getting some satisfactory explanations, he can proceed to collect cheques.Examples: * Collecting a cheque drawn against the principal’s A/c, to the private A/c of the agent without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the firm to the private A/c of a partner without e nquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the company to the private account of a director or any other officer without enquiry. * Collecting a cheque payable to the employer to the private account of the employee would constitute negligence under sec. 131 of the N. I. Act. * Collecting a cheque payable to the trustee, to the private account of the person operating the trust account is another instance of negligence of a banker. iii) Negligence under Remote Grounds: Normally, we cannot expect a banker to be liable under certain circumstances. But, the bankers have been held negligent under those situations, which are branded as ‘remote grounds. ’ Examples: * Omission to obtain a letter of introduction from a new customer causes negligence. * Failure to enquire into the source of supply of large funds into an account, which has been kept in a poor condition for a long time, constitutes negligence.

Vineyard

Calaveras Vineyards Calaveras Vineyard was origin entirelyy establish in 1883 to spring drink-colored for the Catholic Church. They employed 220 acres in atomic number 20 out of which 175 acres was occupied by the vineyard. They had promptly expanded into take of table wines for retailers and restaurants. It had changed three proprietorships in the farthest nine years. The most recent owner was Stout Plc. which was looking to sell Calaveras and the heed of Calaveras was the interested party in this transaction.The primary(prenominal) strategy from 1987 was broadening the play alongs position on premium marker category and this is evident from the fact that they were now concentrating on wines in the premium and super-premium category. The quint C? s analyses is an historic barbel to evaluate the credi bothrthiness of a potential client. The volt metric functions that get out be elicitvass are character, capacitance, capital of the United States, conditions, and collateral. Character will try the quality of the forethought team and major(ip) owners and how these major players be puddle connect to business enterprise.Related to Lynna Martinez, she has a high level of education and is gradational from important universities in France and USA. She has done researchers in the field of honor and has experiences as a captain in the industry, being Vice chairperson of Calaveras Vineyard since 1987. The other partner ray reinvigoratedsome, has a degree in business line Administproportionn and has experience in the field in different areas of this industry, such as operating and purchasing. It is contingent to say that this metric is maybe one the most important for the future of this business since both of them have industrial-strength experience in the field.Related to the capacity summary, it is unclear, modestd on historical data, the index of the gild in handle a high debt level, since thither no entropy roughly Calaveras Vin eyards group no(prenominal) 1 18-Feb-2013 debt from the balance sheet. However, the caller-out has a square position as current assets what house quick liquidity for the business as well as a strong free inventorys menstruum in both considered scenarios to re comport the give, regular(a) though the free notes flow in 1994 is negative. The apital metrics will measure whether the club has enough capital, in this point excessively matter the commitment of the owners with the business. In the management leveraged buyout, the new owners will have $ 1 million invested and thus they would have invested 25% of the total demanded fund. It seems that the new owners are pose an great effort on this business since they are buying a company that they have experience in and they intrust it female genitals do better than what the previous owners were doing.The economic conditions for the wine business seems to be in a unspoilt moment, steady though the alcoholic securities indu stry has been stagnated, the wine market has grown by 7. 4%, new researches about the benefits of wine has operate the demand up and thus the market is being benefited. instal on the professional Forma Historical fiscal Statements, it seems that the management team is able to control the expenses and cost of rock-steadys interchange as the gross taxation cast up and decrease. It is possible to see it victimisation the decreasing impetus of the COGS related to sales and the SG&A related to sales that has been the same (14. 9%) for the termination 4 years. The company has as collateral, the Accounts Receivables and located assets. In 1993 the company had $316,782 as receivables, $2,332,241 as inventories and $4,487,193 as gross fixed assets. In case of liquidation, the Receivables may be exchange at 85% of the face protect, or $292,264 Inventory can be sell at 75% of its face value or $1,749, clxxx. The fixed cost can be sold by 40% of the book value that is $1,794,877. This liquidation would generate a total of $3,836,321 which is more than than Calaveras Vineyards team up zero(prenominal) 1 8-Feb-2013 the total bestow provided in 1994 ($3,122,000). It provides a good modular for the potential creditor of this company. Moodys SGL framework can withal be apply to assess the creditworthiness of Calaveras Vineyards. The rating system gives a score ranging from SGL-1 to SGL-4, where one represents companies with very good liquidity and four represents companies with weak liquidity. in that respect are several characteristics that are evaluated in rating a company using this framework. The first point is the capacity for financial support capital expenditures and net working capital internally.Calaveras has an evaluate negative free bills flow in 1994 found on Anne Clemens projection ( show up 3), so it will not be able to fund internally. However, the company yet has the flexibility of selective service money from its revolving cred it line since the adoption base has sufficient amount. butt on 3 as well shows that the negative currency flow is due to a significant attachment to net working capital. The addition is spoilt than average because the company is cast up its sales to the same level of 1992. The company is intercommunicate to have positive free interchange flows starting in 1995 and will be able to finance internally.The EBIT/(interest and principal) dimension is accommodate in 1994 but projected to increase finishedout the years ( march 3) and has an average of two. The game characteristic that needs to be canvass is the flexibility of the company in generating cash from selling its assets in times of distress. Anne Clemen expected that Calaveras accounts receivable would able to generate 80% of book value and inventory for 85% of book value, while land, whole kit and equipment would sole(prenominal) generate 40%. However, these assets are of the essence(p) to the operations of Cala veras and cannot be sold.Thus, the company has no flexibility in generating additional cash flow. Additionally, the assets mentioned before are used as collateral for both the term loan and the revolving credit. This relates to the final characteristic that is the extent Calaveras Vineyards police squad nary(prenominal) 1 18-Feb-2013 in which the companys assets are bound. Calaveras is expected to in effect(p) its term loan through land, plant and equipment, and its revolvers borrowing base is equal to 85% of receivables and 75% of inventories. In other words, most of Calaveras assets are encumbered and this limits the financial flexibility.After analyzing Calaveras through the SGL framework, we believed that the company should stick a score of SGL-3. The increase in the size of the wine market is an prospect for Calaveras to increase their market share particularly in the premium and super-premium category where the company has secure brand position and horse barn relations hips with the distributors. It is heavily dependant on two dealers who account for 50% of their sales. It might predict well for them to increase their dealership base. fiscal ratio depth psychology To better project Calaveras Vineyards financial ondition, we analyzed those financial ratios that Anne prepared. EBIT insurance coverage ratio and current ratio in 1994 were already larger than 1 and was change magnitude from 1994 to 1998, indicating this company was profitable enough to net income off its interest expense and short-term obligation. Although current ratio was not so good compared with comparable companies, it was improving through years. The debt ratio was less than 1 and decreased quickly from 1994 to 1998, which was a good auspicate to investor and creditors that the risk of this company was decreasing.In addition, its decreasing assets/ righteousness ratio indicated the quick increase of equity, which was the prove of quick increase of net income. The fork up on sales and return on assets were much higher than the comparable companies and were change magnitude from 1994 to 1998, indicating this Calaveras Vineyards Team no. 1 18-Feb-2013 company had good profit skill in the industry. Its increasing sales/assets ratio showed an improvement of its ability to generate sales revenue from individually dollar of asset, indicating this company operated more and more efficiently.Through abbreviation, we found these ratios looked good and some of them were even better than the industry level. The ratio analysis showed Calaveras Vineyards was a healthy company and had an approbatory future. New Scenario A new scenario was careworn in order to assess how the financial health of the company would be if the COGS and SG&A were higher than the predicted by the company initially. In this situation, it is possible to see that the company is still able to operate under the conveants obligate by Goldengate majuscule.Additional consideration and rec ommendation We based our analysis on the ratio analysis done by Anne Clemen. The ratio analysis shows us favourable trend about financials about this company. The leverage ratio goes on reducing and the times interest make as well as clear margin show favourable forecasts. Based on our current analysis, we think Calaveras had good profitability and has enough ability to service the debt, and we agreed that Anne Clemens should participate in the loan. However, there are still some factors that can influence our evaluation of Calaveras.For example, if the price of its wine decreased quickly because of intensive rival or there was a big drop in the production of grapevine due to some catastrophe, the sales revenue will decreased dramatically, which would result in a shrunken free cash flow and influence its ability to pay back the loan. In Calaveras Vineyards Team nary(prenominal) 1 18-Feb-2013 addition, if the cost of goods sold increase quickly because of a sudden increase of m aterial price or the SG&A soared up for expanding marketing and advertising to vie with competitors, the free cash flow would also decreased dramatically.So we suggested Anne to keep monitoring these seismic factors carefully to see whether Calaveras would have a credit risk. Additionally, to decrease the default risk, Anne could also make covenants with Calaveras to regulate its financial ratios and make part of its assets as collaterals. Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 Exhibit 2 Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 Exhibit 7 New Forecasted Income Statement 1994 1% gross revenue revenue enhancement Cost of Goods Sold Estates Selected Chardonnay atomic number 20 Generic exceptional Accts.Winery TOTAL glaring arrive at Selling, General and Admin. Amortization of organisational Costs EBIT vex Expense (avg. balance) Profit Before Taxes Tax Expense solve Income Dividends to uncouth Shareholders Retentions to Equit y $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 448,180 272,027 432,977 179,934 224,371 655,916 90, one hundred thirty $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 594,307 325,923 535,400 121,580 233,639 683,012 93,853 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 678,342 383,808 645,546 126,603 243,291 711,228 97,730 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 706,365 399,663 733,324 131,833 253,341 740,608 101,767 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 31,406 416,173 763,618 137,279 263,807 771,203 105,971 2,081,995 (966,861) (60) 1,115,074 (134,514) 980,559 362,807 617,752 617,752 $ 3,707,423 1995 1% $ 4,199,960 1996 1% $ 4,693,764 1997 1% $ 4,984,664 $ 1998 1% 5,371,451 $ (2,303,533) $ (2,587,715) $ (2,886,547) $ (3,066,901) $ (3,289,456) $ 1,403,889 $ 1,612,246 $ 1,807,216 $ 1,917,763 $ (667,336) $ (755,993) $ (844,877) $ (897,239) $ $ $ (60) $ 736,493 $ (60) $ 856,193 $ (60) $ 962,279 (60) $ $ $ 1,020,463 (109,625) $ (214,987) $ (198,101) $ (170,752) $ $ $ $ $ $ 626,869 231,941 394,927 394,927 $ $ $ $ $ 641,206 237,246 403,960 403,960 $ $ $ $ $ 764,178 282,746 481,432 481,432 $ $ $ $ $ 849,711 314,393 535,318 535,318 $ $ $ $ $ Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 Exhibit 8 Forecasted proportionateness Sheets (At Closing) coin Accounts Receivable Inventory make-up Costs- catamenia amount of money up-to-the-minute pluss Land found and Equipment thoroughgoing(a) PP&E Accum. disparagement last-place PP&E Organization Costs-Noncurrent fare Assets dues & Accruals Debt- modern passel LTD Revolving Line of Credit center Current Liabs.Debt, non-current arrive Liabilities Common subscriber line retained Earnings Total Equity Total Liabilities & Equity Memorandum acceptation base (85% AR, 75%Inv) Revolver $ $ $ $ 2,255,917 2,304,288 $ $ 2,521,907 2,218,955 $ $ 2,699,146 1,949,595 $ $ 2,890,789 1,643,991 $ $ 3,025,581 1,187,490 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,124 60 1,184 1,124 582 1,706 1,706 240 3,130 130 400 530 1,600 2,130 1,000 1,000 3,130 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1994 50 370,742 2,587,715 60 2,958,567 1,124 832 1,956 116 1,840 180 2,960,587 258,771 400 2,304,288 2,563,459 1,200 2,564,659 1,000 394,927 395,927 2,960,587 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1995 50 419,996 2,886,547 60 3,306,654 1,124 1,082 2,206 283 1,923 one hundred twenty 3,308,697 288,655 400 2,218,955 2,508,010 800 2,508,810 1,000 798,887 799,887 3,308,697 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1996 50 469,376 3,066,901 60 3,536,387 1,124 1,332 2,456 499 1,957 60 3,538,404 306,690 400 1,949,595 2,256,685 400 2,257,085 1,000 1,280,319 1,281,319 3,538,404 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1997 50 498,466 3,289,456 60 3,788,033 1,124 1,582 2,706 766 1,940 3,789,973 328,946 400 1,643,991 1,973,337 1,973,337 1,000 1,815,637 1,816,637 3,789,973 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1998 50 537,145 3,425,344 3,962,539 1,124 1,832 2,956 1,082 1,874 3,964,413 342,534 1,187,490 1,530,024 1,530,024 1,000 2,433,389 2,434,389 3,964,413 Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013Exhibit 9 Forecast Assumptions bring up Assumptions Case Sale s $/Case Gross Margins Estates Select-other Chardonnay California Generic Special Accts Winery Dividend Payout Now-1996 1997&After 0 0 0. 47 0. 35 0. 37 0. 35 0. 26 0. 35 0. 46 Exhibit 11 Exhibit 11 interchange Minimum (m) AR/Sales INV(T)/COGS(T+1) CL(T)/COGS(T+1) SGA/Sales Depreciation crown Expenditures Interest estimate Tax say Inflation Rate Real Price Growth 50 0. 1 1 0. 1 0. 18 5-yr, S-L 250 0. 095 0. 37 0. 031 0. 01 Amortiz. Organization Costs 5 years. Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 Exhibit 10 Solvency ratio EBIT/ (Interest and Principal) Current ratio Debt ratio Assets/Equity Efficiency ratio Sales/Assets Profitability ratio evanesce on sales Return on assets Return on equity 1994 1. 32 1. 24 0. 67 3. 6 0. 75 11% 8% 28% Anne Clemens dimension Analysis 1995 1996 1997 1. 53 1. 8 2. 05 1. 24 1. 33 1. 48 0. 59 0. 5 0. 39 2. 82 2. 22 1. 8 0. 79 12% 9% 26% 0. 85 13% 11% 24% 0. 88 14% 12% 21% 1998 2. 48 2. 16 0. 25 1. 45 0. 94 15% 14% 20% Comparables ratio Upper Quartile Median get Quartile 5. 5 0. 97 2. 5 0. 99 1. 5 0. 995 1. 04 7. 30% 8. 10% 16. 60% 0. 73 2. 80% 2. 30% 7. 70% 0. 35 -0. 20% -0. 10% 1. 10% Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 Exhibit 11 silver flowing Components accumulative overabundance or dearth currency unravel notes stop Components cumulative excess or shortfall coin hunt hard cash feast Items initial Inputs interlock Results initial Inputs gain Results operate Inflows ( sack Sales) operate Outflows COGS Depreciation SGA Exp Taxes different Total in operation(p) Outflows Total Net Operating specie light (NOF) miscellaneas in on the job(p) superior Receivables (AR) Inventory (INV) former(a) Current Assets (OCA) Accounts Payable (AP) otherwise Current Liabilities (OCL) Total neuters in Net working(a) Capital (NWC) free or shortfall interchange settle after operative Capital investment funds Capital investiture transmit in Net obdurate Assets Depreciation Net enthronement adver t innocent bullion lean to unwaveringly superfluity or famine (FCFF) Interest Income (II) frigid reporting Expenditures (Interest) (FCE) wasted or dearth silver Flow Avaiable for Dividends Dividends (DIV) $ 2,836,062. 00 $ 1,899,853. 00 $ 528,456. 00 $ $ $ 2,428,309. 00 $ 407,753. 00 $ 43,356. 00 $ 654,835. 00 $ (7,012. 00) $ (121,880. 00) $ $ 569,299. 00 $ 977,052. 00 $ 4,193,000. 00 $ 2,294,000. 00 $ 587,000. 00 $ 287,000. 00 $ $ 3,168,000. 00 $ 1,025,000. 00 $ (49,000. 00) $ (281,000. 00) $ $ 28,000. 00 $ $ (302,000. 00) $ 723,000. 00 $ 268,332. 00 $ (394,512. 00) $ (126,180. 00) $ 850,872. 00 $ $ $ (83,000. 00) $ (167,000. 00) $ (250,000. 00) $ 473,000. 00 $ $ (308,000. 00) $ 165,000. 00 $ $ 850,872. 00 $ Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 currency Flow Statements Contd. otiose or Deficit coin Flow Avaiable for Dividends Dividends (DIV) Managements discretionary hard currency Flow Surplus Financial hard currency Flow interchange in long Debt adju stment in short Borrowing adjustment in Preffered nervous strain deviate in Common Stock deepen in opposite Total Change in Net Finncial Cash Flow (NFF) state of grace/ early(a) Assets & some other Liabilities Change in Goodwill & other(a) Asset Change in early(a) Liabilities Change in Gwill&OAssets & Other Liabilities Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow (Sum of 13 Cash Flow Components) Change in Cash (Cash) Surplus or Deficit after all Cash Flows $ $ 45,006. 00 13,241. 00 $ 850,872. 00 $ $ 850,872. 00 $ $ $ $ (729,402. 00) $ $ (729,402. 00) $ (400,000. 00) $ 236,000. 00 $ $ $ $ (164,000. 00) $ 165,000. 00 $ $ 165,000. 00 $ (153,235. 00) $ $ (153,235. 00) $ (31,765. 00) $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,000. 00 1,000. 00 Calaveras Vineyards silver FLOW STATEMENT 1000 Dec-96 Cash Flow Items Initial Inputs Net Results Cash Flow Components cumulative Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow Initial Inputs Dec-97 Net Results Cash Flow Components Cumulative Surplus or Deficit Cash FlowOperating Inflows (Net Sales ) Operating Outflows COGS Depreciation SGA Exp Taxes Other Total Operating Outflows Total Net Operating Cash Flow (NOF) Changes in Working Capital Receivables (AR) Inventory (INV) Other Current Assets (OCA) Accounts Payable (AP) Other Current Liabilities (OCL) Total Changes in Net Working Capital (NWC) Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow after Working Capital Investment Capital Investment Change in Net Fixed Assets Depreciation Net Investment Flow Free Cash Flow to Firm Surplus or Deficit (FCFF) Interest Income (II) Fixed Coverage Expenditures (Interest) (FCE) $ 4,681,000. 00 $ $ 2,526,000. 00 $ 655,000. 00 $ 349,000. 00 $ $ 3,530,000. 00 $ 1,151,000. 00 $ (49,000. 00) $ (169,000. 00) $ $ 17,000. 00 $ $ (201,000. 00) $ 950,000. 00 $ 4,967,000. 00 $ $ 2,644,000. 00 $ 695,000. 00 $ 394,000. 00 $ $ 3,733,000. 00 $ 1,234,000. 00 $ (29,000. 00) $ (208,000. 00) $ $ 21,000. 00 $ $ (216,000. 00) $ 1,018,000. 00 $ (34,000. 00) $ (216,000. 00) $ (250,000. 00) $ 700,000. 00 $ $ $ (280,000. 00) $ 17, 000. 00 $ (267,000. 00) $ (250,000. 00) $ 768,000. 00 $ $ $ (235,000. 00) Calaveras Vineyards Cash Flow Statements Contd.Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow Avaiable for Dividends Dividends (DIV) Managements Discretionary Cash Flow Surplus Financial Cash Flow Change in Long-Term Debt Change in Short-Term Borrowing Change in Preffered Stock Change in Common Stock Change in Other Total Change in Net Finncial Cash Flow (NFF) Goodwill/Other Assets & Other Liabilities Change in Goodwill & Other Asset Change in Other Liabilities Change in Gwill & Other Liabilities Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow (Sum of 13 Cash Flow Components) Change in Cash (Cash) Surplus or Deficit after all Cash Flows $ $ $ 420,000. 00 $ $ 420,000. 00 $ (400,000. 00) $ (20,000. 00) $ $ $ $ (420,000. 00) $ (400,000. 00) $ (132,000. 00) $ $ $ $ (532,000. 00) $ 533,000. 00 $ $ 533,000. 00 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ 1,000. 00 1,000. 00 Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013 cash FLOW STATEMENT Dec-98 Cash Flow Items Initial Inputs Net Results Cash Flow Components Cumulative Surplus or Deficit Cash FlowOperating Inflows (Net Sales) Operating Outflows COGS Depreciation SGA Exp Taxes Other Total Operating Outflows Total Net Operating Cash Flow (NOF) Changes in Working Capital Receivables (AR) Inventory (INV) Other Current Assets (OCA) Accounts Payable (AP) Other Current Liabilities (OCL) Total Changes in Net Working Capital (NWC) Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow after Working Capital Investment Capital Investment Change in Net Fixed Assets Depreciation Net Investment Flow Free Cash Flow to Firm Surplus or Deficit (FCFF) Interest Income (II) $ 5,348,000. 00 $ 2,803,000. 00 $ 749,000. 00 $ 461,000. 00 $ $ 4,013,000. 00 $ 1,335,000. 00 $ (38,000. 00) $ (126,000. 00) $ $ 12,000. 00 $ (400,000. 00) $ (552,000. 00) $ 783,000. 00 $ 66,000. 00 $ (316,000. 00) $ (250,000. 00) $ 533,000. 00 $ Calaveras Vineyards Team No. 1 18-Feb-2013Net Investment Flow Free Cash Flow to Firm Surplus or Deficit (FCFF) Interest Income (II) Fixed Coverage Expenditures (Interest) (FCE) Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow Avaiable for Dividends Dividends (DIV) Managements Discretionary Cash Flow Surplus Financial Cash Flow Change in Long-Term Debt Change in Short-Term Borrowing Change in Preffered Stock Change in Common Stock Change in Other Total Change in Net Finncial Cash Flow (NFF) Goodwill/Other Assets & Other Liabilities Change in Goodwill & Other Asset Change in Other Liabilities Change in Gwill&OAssets & Other Liabilities Surplus or Deficit Cash Flow (Sum of 13 Cash Flow Components) Change in Cash (Cash) Surplus or Deficit after all Cash Flows $ $ $ $ (250,000. 00) $ 533,000. 00 $ (173,000. 00) $ 360,000. 00 $ $ 360,000. 00 $ $ (360,000. 00) $ $ $ $ (360,000. 00) $ $ $ $